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Simvastatin INDICATIONS, USAGE and Warnings
Reference: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=31918
| DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION | | DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS | | CONTRAINDICATIONS | | WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS | | Increased Risk of Myopathy/Rhabdomyolysis |
Therapy with lipid-altering agents should be only one component of multiple risk factor intervention in individuals at significantly increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease due to hypercholesterolemia. Drug therapy is indicated as an adjunct to diet when the response to a diet restricted in saturated fat and cholesterol and other nonpharmacologic measures alone has been inadequate. In patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) or at high risk of CHD, simvastatin can be started simultaneously with diet.
Reductions in Risk of CHD Mortality and Cardiovascular EventsIn patients at high risk of coronary events because of existing coronary heart disease, diabetes, peripheral vessel disease, history of stroke or other cerebrovascular disease, simvastatin tablets, USP are indicated to:
 | Reduce the risk of total mortality by reducing CHD deaths. |
| Reduce the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke. |
| Reduce the need for coronary and non-coronary revascularization procedures. |
Hyperlipidemia
Simvastatin tablets, USP are indicated to:
| Reduce elevated total cholesterol (total-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and triglycerides (TG), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia (Fredrickson type IIa, heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) or mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson type IIb). |
| Reduce elevated TG in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (Fredrickson type lV hyperlipidemia). |
| Reduce elevated TG and VLDL-C in patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (Fredrickson type III hyperlipidemia). |
| Reduce total-C and LDL-C in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (e.g., LDL apheresis) or if such treatments are unavailable. |
Simvastatin tablets, USP are indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce total-C, LDL-C, and Apo B levels in adolescent boys and girls who are at least one year post-menarche, 10-17 years of age, with HeFH, if after an adequate trial of diet therapy the following findings are present:
- LDL cholesterol remains less then 190 mg/dL; or
- LDL cholesterol remains less then160 mg/dL and
| There is a positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) or |
| Two or more other CVD risk factors are present in the adolescent patient. |
Limitations of Use
Simvastatin tablets, USP have not been studied in conditions where the major abnormality is elevation of chylomicrons (i.e., hyperlipidemia Fredrickson types I and V).
| Back to Top |
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Recommended Dosing
The dosage range is 5-80 mg/day. In patients with CHD or at high risk of CHD, simvastatin tablets can be started simultaneously with diet. The recommended usual starting dose is 20 to 40 mg once a day in the evening. For patients at high risk for a CHD event due to existing CHD, diabetes, peripheral vessel disease, history of stroke or other cerebrovascular disease, the recommended starting dose is 40 mg/day. Lipid determinations should be performed after 4 weeks of therapy and periodically thereafter.
Patients with Homozygous Familial HypercholesterolemiaThe recommended dosage is 40 mg/day in the evening or 80 mg/day in 3 divided doses of 20 mg, 20 mg, and an evening dose of 40 mg. Simvastatin tablets should be used as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (e.g., LDL apheresis) in these patients or if such treatments are unavailable.
Adolescents (10-17 years of age) with Heterozygous Familial HypercholesterolemiaThe recommended usual starting dose is 10 mg once a day in the evening. The recommended dosing range is 10-40 mg/day; the maximum recommended dose is 40 mg/day. Doses should be individualized according to the recommended goal of therapy [see NCEP Pediatric Panel Guidelines 1 and Clinical Studies ]. Adjustments should be made at intervals of 4 weeks or more.
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Highlights of the Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 89(3):495-501. 1992.
Patients with Renal Impairment
Because simvastatin tablets do not undergo significant renal excretion, modification of dosage should not be necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. However, caution should be exercised when simvastatin tablets are administered to patients with severe renal impairment; such patients should be started at 5 mg/day and be closely monitored [see Warnings and Precautions and Clinical Pharmacology ].
Coadministration with Other Drugs
Concomitant Lipid-Lowering Therapy
| Simvastatin tablets may be used concomitantly with bile acid sequestrants. |
| Combination therapy with gemfibrozil increases simvastatin exposure. Therefore, if simvastatin tablets are used in combination with gemfibrozil, the dose of simvastatin tablets should not exceed 10 mg/day [see Warnings and Precautions , Drug Interactions, and Clinical Pharmacology ] . |
Patients taking Cyclosporine or Danazol
| Simvastatin tablets therapy should begin with 5 mg/day and should not exceed 10 mg/day [see Warnings and Precautions and Drug Interactions]. |
Patients taking Amiodarone or Verapamil
The dose of simvastatin tablets should not exceed 20 mg/day [see Warnings and Precautions , Drug Interactions, and Clinical Pharmacology ].
| Back to Top |
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
| Simvastatin tablets 5 mg are cream, round tablets, with "SV" over "5" on one side and ">" on the other side. |
| Simvastatin tablets 10 mg are pink, round tablets, with "SV" over "10" on one side and ">" on the other side. |
| Simvastatin tablets 20 mg are tan, round tablets, with "SV" over "20" on one side and ">" on the other side. |
| Simvastatin tablets 40 mg are pink, round tablets, with "SV" over "40" on one side and ">" on the other side. |
| Simvastatin tablets 80 mg are pink, capsule-shaped tablets, with
"SV80" on one side and ">" on the other side. | Back to Top | |
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Simvastatin is contraindicated in the following conditions:
| Hypersensitivity to any component of this medication [see Adverse Reactions ] . |
| Active liver disease, which may include unexplained persistent elevations in hepatic transaminase levels [see Warnings and Precautions ] . |
| Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides increase during normal pregnancy, and cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives are essential for fetal development. Because HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease cholesterol synthesis and possibly the synthesis of other biologically active substances derived from cholesterol, simvastatin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Atherosclerosis is a chronic process and the discontinuation of lipid-lowering drugs during pregnancy should have little impact on the outcome of long-term therapy of primary hypercholesterolemia. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of use with simvastatin during pregnancy; however, in rare reports congenital anomalies were observed following intrauterine exposure to statins. In rat and rabbit animal reproduction studies, simvastatin revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. Simvastatin should be administered to women of childbearing age only when such patients are highly unlikely to conceive. If the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, simvastatin should be discontinued immediately and the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Use in Specific Populations ] . |
| Nursing mothers. It is not known whether simvastatin is excreted into human milk; however, a small amount of another drug in this class does pass into breast milk. Because statins have the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, women who require treatment with simvastatin should not breastfeed their infants [see Use in Specific Populations ] . |
| Back to Top |
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Myopathy/RhabdomyolysisSimvastatin, like other statins, occasionally causes myopathy manifested as muscle pain, tenderness or weakness with creatine kinase (CK) above ten times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Myopathy sometimes takes the form of rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria, and rare fatalities have occurred. The risk of myopathy is increased by high levels of statin activity in plasma. Predisposing factors for myopathy include advanced age (≥65 years), uncontrolled hypothyroidism, and renal impairment.
As with other statins, the risk of myopathy/rhabdomyolysis is dose related. In a clinical trial database in which 41,050 patients were treated with simvastatin with 24,747 (approximately 60%) treated for at least 4 years, the incidence of myopathy was approximately 0.02%, 0.08% and 0.53% at 20, 40 and 80 mg/day, respectively. In these trials, patients were carefully monitored and some interacting medicinal products were excluded.
All patients starting therapy with simvastatin, or whose dose of simvastatin is being increased, should be advised of the risk of myopathy and told to report promptly any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness or weakness. Simvastatin therapy should be discontinued immediately if myopathy is diagnosed or suspected. In most cases, muscle symptoms and CK increases resolved when treatment was promptly discontinued. Periodic CK determinations may be considered in patients starting therapy with simvastatin or whose dose is being increased, but there is no assurance that such monitoring will prevent myopathy.
Many of the patients who have developed rhabdomyolysis on therapy with simvastatin have had complicated medical histories, including renal insufficiency usually as a consequence of long-standing diabetes mellitus. Such patients merit closer monitoring. Therapy with simvastatin should be temporarily stopped a few days prior to elective major surgery and when any major medical or surgical condition supervenes.
Drug Interactions
The risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis is increased by high levels of statin activity in plasma. Simvastatin is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoform 3A4. Certain drugs which inhibit this metabolic pathway can raise the plasma levels of simvastatin and may increase the risk of myopathy. These include itraconazole, ketoconazole, and other antifungal azoles, the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and clarithromycin, and the ketolide antibiotic telithromycin, HIV protease inhibitors, the antidepressant nefazodone, or large quantities of grapefruit juice ( less then1 quart daily). The use of simvastatin concomitantly with these CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided. If treatment with itraconazole, ketoconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin or telithromycin is unavoidable, therapy with simvastatin should be suspended during the course of treatment. [See Drug Interactions ]
The benefits of the combined use of simvastatin with the following drugs should be carefully weighed against the potential risks of combinations: gemfibrozil, other lipid-lowering drugs (other fibrates or ≥1 g/day of niacin), cyclosporine, danazol, amiodarone, or verapamil.
Caution should be used when prescribing other fibrates or lipid-lowering doses (≥1 g/day) of niacin with simvastatin, as these agents can cause myopathy when given alone.
Prescribing recommendations for interacting agents are summarized in Table 1 [see also Dosage and Administration , Drug Interactions , Clinical Pharmacology ].
| Back to Top |
| Interacting Agents | Prescribing Recommendations |
| *The combined use of simvastatin with gemfibrozil should be avoided, unless the benefits are likely to outweigh the increased risks of this drug combination.†The benefits of the use of simvastatin in patients receiving cyclosporine or danazol should be carefully weighed against the risks of these combinations.‡The combined use of simvastatin at doses higher than 20 mg daily with amiodarone or verapamil should be avoided unless the clinical benefit is likely to outweigh the increased risk of myopathy. | |
|
Itraconazole Ketoconazole Erythromycin Clarithromycin Telithromycin HIV protease inhibitors Nefazodone |
Avoid simvastatin |
|
Gemfibrozil* Cyclosporine† Danazol† |
Do not exceed 10 mg simvastatin daily |
|
Amiodarone‡ Verapamil‡ |
Do not exceed 20 mg simvastatin daily |
|
Grapefruit juice |
Avoid large quantities of grapefruit juice (>1 quart daily) |
| Back to Top |
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